In 1984, Xu Haifeng won China's first gold medal in the history of the Olympic Games. The domestic public saw the international event broadcast through the color TV that was just widely promoted at that time, and it had a good memory for the "City of Angels" that hosted the Olympic Games. However, the real Los Angeles, as the "air pollution capital" of the United States, has suffered from pollution for decades, and has just begun to recover from the smog-covered day to the blue sky and white clouds.
A few years later, Beijing successfully hosted the Olympic Games, but this Olympic Games was carried out under air pollution. Throughout Beijing and North China, air pollution was controlled for the Olympic Games and paid a heavy price. Since then, Beijing has continued to be under the smog of more and more serious smog. Although various emergency plans have been released, people still seem to be able to "wait for the wind".
How to control the smog in Beijing? People who are breathless under the smog now have a lot of expectations. Some people are counting on authoritative scientists. Some people are counting on car exhaust. Some people hope that they can recover blue sky and white clouds through efforts within a year or two. Is this all true and effective? How many of these are deceitful myths? Let us compare and compare the experience of Los Angeles over the past 70 years.
Smog attack
Air pollution in Los Angeles originated during World War II.
Many Los Angeles people have such memory fragments: When Los Angeles faced the biggest environmental crisis, parents and friends piled up a lot of gas masks. When the hydrocarbons raged, the physical education class was forced to cancel. Los Angeles' famous Orange County (aka Orange-county) is a high-priced real estate area in Los Angeles. The original meaning of the English word is orange or orange, the actual name is named because of the color of the sky rather than the fruit.
Due to severe air pollution, hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives in Los Angeles for decades. Most of them have died of chronic diseases. This figure is comparable to the local casualties caused by wars, car accidents and gang fights. There was an article in the era of Los Angeles that wrote: At dawn, like an invisible beast, the poison gas began to spread, sullen and silent, quiet, and omnipresent. The gray smoke hit Los Angeles, engulfing the tall buildings and the cars on the street, and the sun became blurred, causing people to lose all their perception of the direction, except for the stinging pain on their faces.
At that time, no one realized that this mysterious smoke would cause the green earth to panic, turning green from a color into a goal of people's struggle.
First and foremost, people all over the city have to endure the torture caused by smoke. Inhaled pollutants threaten people's health, regardless of whether they have a history of allergies, they will produce acute allergic reactions, red eyes, throat hoarseness. They clasped their handkerchiefs, eager to know the answer. Officials in Los Angeles have been reluctant to panic and tell the public to be calm, not overreacting, and to say that once the sun shows up, the smoke will instantly retreat. Engineers with a serious scientific image suspected that gas leaks due to illegal operation of some factories, and the unusually hot weather caused the smoke to be trapped around the city and even smog.
In the midst of chaos, there is always a voice that stands for reason. With a huge voice, it is claimed that the modern industrial civilization of the United States is omnipotent. To control the smoke is like putting the astronaut into orbit. It can be done at the push of a button. It is as simple as using kitchen utensils. Science will purify the air. The key, and not too much disruption of people's daily lives.
▌ Officials react with the government
In August 1943, the then mayor of Los Angeles promised to completely and thoroughly rectify this irritating smoke in the next four months! At the time, if you predicted that the air in this land would still be polluted after 65 years, there must be people wondering if you are clear-headed and even wonder if you are patriotic. "The air quality will definitely improve," and it seems to have long been a belief in Los Angeles at the time.
In the summer of 1943, the engineering department of Los Angeles began to look for the culprit. Testers collected samples of some mixed pollutants in the air outdoors: ammonia, formaldehyde, sulfuric acid, dust, and chlorine. This result should have been impressive, but testers are more confused about the source of these substances. When the Los Angeles City Hall finally pointed out these lingering sources of waste, they made the wrong thing—they surveyed, triangulated and positioned the cough, and looked at the dirty direction of the curtains, all pointing in the same direction—a family A gas company located to the east of downtown Southern California.
Law enforcement agencies believe that this factory is the initiator. The federal government staff is busy with this. They understand that Los Angeles, as a supply of military supplies for World War II, has a $9 billion military contract and is a significant player. Therefore, they acted cautiously, sent investigators, and invited special propaganda personnel to explain the public to the public. Finally, in the rest of 1943, the factory was shut down and the city controlled the emission of other smoke sources, which made the sky in Los Angeles show a pale blue glimmer. Time magazine, which is highly concerned about air pollution, even immediately confidently declared that these basic measures have saved the city!
The irony is that pollution will come back.
Residents of Los Angeles, from recognizing that the battle for air pollution will be long-term, has been used for a long time.
In order to limit the impact of smog, Los Angeles did everything possible. They set up a so-called "Smoke and Exhaust Committee" and announced a series of regulations to control air pollution. These measures include: prohibiting the burning of garbage in the backyard; garbage collection and diesel truck exhaust emissions are strictly restricted, and investment Developed and manufactured a defogging device that claims to effectively remove smog.
In extreme cases, the Los Angeles Judiciary even conducted a survey of many sultry chess rooms in the summer, believing it was the source of pollution. Los Angeles of that era devoted all efforts to the war with air pollution. The Los Angeles City Hall has set up a new department, the Air Pollution Control Bureau. The heads and entrepreneurs of some non-profit organizations selflessly invested their office manpower in pollution control. The newly recruited police from the Los Angeles Police Department quickly participated. The then mayor, Bowen, even asked the National Guard's 200 chemical experts to help with air pollution.
In Los Angeles, due to the large number of relevant people actively involved in the treatment of air pollution, the treatment of air pollution has actually been militarized. Some school leaders even said that they should mobilize students to join the war. The local prosecutor’s office even hired private pilots to conduct investigations and searches to see where there is smoke and waste burning. At that time, the entire Southern California seemed to believe that only a comprehensive remediation would bring the weather back to good. Many people still believe that Los Angeles has plenty of time to think that as long as the breakthrough progress of scientists through strong policies, the entire region can be purified.
The problem is that no matter what approach is taken, no matter how aggressive, the scope of smoke coverage in Los Angeles is larger than before. In the mid-1940s, housing, crime rates and traffic problems, coupled with smog problems, people's longing for the good air of the past is far more than rhinitis or the nose of a runny nose. In some extreme cases, people can hardly see anything, including landmarks, or even traffic signs half a mile away. A series of reminiscences of the past have made the community elderly and nature lovers more sympathetic in the face of the unique beaches and forests of Los Angeles. Some British and Dutch pilots claim that they are basically unable to see where the entire California can land.
▌ Breakthrough from the humble scientist
For the study of smog, the two scientists who have truly played a huge historical role are the "little people" in the scientific community.
Time magazine, which always tracks the smoke incident, decided to let St. Louis professor Raymond Tucker go to Los Angeles for on-the-spot analysis and testing, trying to find the cause and solution.
After only two weeks of visits and investigations, Tucker keenly linked the waste from manufacturing to the warm, muddy weather in Los Angeles. Tucker pointed out that in the past five years, local industrial production activities have doubled, releasing terrible mixed smoke, dust, exhaust and odor from chimneys, cooling pools and boiler storage tanks in industrial areas. At that time, he keenly linked urbanization to air pollution. He believes that the population explosion, the urban population has rapidly increased from 900,000 before the Second World War to 3.7 million. All of this led to the original Mediterranean climate here.
Even at that time in the last century, Tucker discovered the root of the problem. In the context of prosperity, sulfur and similar elements in the chemical family should be the primary concern, and those that float in the air only in mortuaries or metal recycling stations need not be too worried.
The exhaust of motor vehicles is also a secondary accomplice. From 1941 to 1944, car traffic in Los Angeles fell, although car exhaust is likely to be related to pollution. Tucker explained: "But the composition of the pollutants is not the same as the exhaust gas, so the exhaust gas is by no means the only cause of pollution." Tucker's report and explanation, in the next sixty years, became the world's environmental governance. dogma. For any project that produces air pollution, he stated in the report that it must be controlled at the source, we cannot control the atmosphere, but we can control emissions.
Tucker’s findings are similar to the causes of air pollution in Beijing and China, and to the so-called scientific analysis. It also indicates that China’s understanding of air pollution at this stage is consistent with Tuck’s understanding in the 1940s. Or it means that our understanding at this stage is so ignorant and backward.
Also in this historical period, there was a bright, temperamental chemist Ali Hagen Smit, who was a simple and happy chemist who specializes in scent. He was only accidentally involved in air pollution. In the midst of war. One day, he wanted to relax, walk out of the lab and breathe in the fresh air, but he breathed a bleach-like smell of air that would never be refreshing. He was 49 years old with a severe cough. Dry cough made him decide to study air pollution.
He made a simple device by himself, using only $350 to study the chemical characteristics of smoke, as well as the damage to plants and humans, and in just a few months, he achieved a US scientific colleague for 6 years. Most have not obtained the results. The results of this device have laid a blockbuster on the economic development of Los Angeles and even the entire United States. He pointed out through scientific research that the automobile and oil industries should be responsible for the smoke incident in Los Angeles. His research is the same as the Tucker report and is closely related to urbanization. Due to the rapid growth of population and industry, the automotive and petroleum industries regard this as the most fertile market in the world.
After the war, Los Angeles carried too many people and the natural environment of the area has been destroyed. Smitt intuitively believes that the cause of blurred vision is the oxidized particles in the air, which in addition to affecting health, also pollute and destroy the growth of crops. Smidt pointed the gun at the car and thought that car emissions were an important source of pollution. In the past, car emissions accounted for 2/3 of the pollution in Southern California, and at that time it accounted for 85% to 90%. The situation in Los Angeles is different. His car usage greatly exceeds that of other cities. Since then, California and Los Angeles have increased the management of automobile exhaust, but the result is very dramatic, because it is scientifically impossible to determine the improvement of pollution control technology by millions. Vehicles will cause various side effects in Los Angeles. As a result, manufacturers who produce a variety of exhaust emissions have made a lot of money, but the results are still very poor. Many of the new technology-produced engines, while claiming to burn more incompletely combusted gases, also emit more nitrogen oxides than expected.
At the time, the results of Smidt's research attracted strong public attention, and the automobile industry and the think tanks affiliated to the automobile industry attacked them unscrupulously. The Stanford Research Institute even sent researchers to track and monitor Smidt, which made Smit feel very angry. Smidt, who was completely angered, was involved in a lot of debates and condemned the environment caused by the rapid economic growth. problem.
He wrote: The vicious attack on the internal combustion engine is sometimes very stupid. The machine is not a source of trouble. It is the real murder to use the machine. Who said that we must drive a 3000-4000 pound car to transport a 160-pound person. The behavior of people and people, the way of life is the source of pollution.
Governor Jerry Brown of California's "Glamor" is also aware of this problem. He reluctantly advises people to seek help from religious ethics, rather than relying on the government to solve everything, including the air pollution that jeopardizes itself. His helplessness is actually a matter of fact. It is like a middle-aged person who suffers from high blood pressure and high cholesterol because of the choice of "sofa + potato" lifestyle and junk food. Los Angeles people just take medicine and have no choice. Change recipes and exercise, because these require self-discipline and self-discipline based on the philosophy of “not hard, no incomeâ€. Similar to high blood pressure and high cholesterol, smog is also a syndrome caused by the two factors of unconformed lifestyle and nature's own imbalance.
Even the law can't help much. The California government has punished automakers for $100 million in subsidizing the poor to treat respiratory diseases. This case, like the similar case, was repeated and twisted. As a result, on October 8, 1969, in spite of the protests and opposition of the people, the US District Court Judge Curtis approved the case settlement. He believed that the smoke problem was fundamental. No judicial. The California government has also worked hard to save the current Los Angeles-famous CAR POOL. More than 3,000 pages of legal documents were prepared and cost more than $60 million.
In order to obtain favorable legal support, the environmental protection department has been fighting alone for a long time. They want to play with automakers, fight against the federal government's laws, and fight with drivers who are provoked and madly protesting. Finally, in the 30 years after the Los Angeles photochemical smog incident, during the reign of the Reagan administration in the mid-1970s, legal progress was made, and the Federal Clean Air Act and the California Environmental Quality Act were enacted. . It is conceivable that in these decades, air pollution has continued until the law is hard to come out.
In fact, even through the struggle of the Environmental Protection Law, emission reduction measures and programs can control the smog in Los Angeles, new problems have followed in history: energy issues, carbon dioxide emissions, global warming, and so on. In the end, people will know that the comfortable but high-energy consumption of modern lifestyles has brought serious pollution. In the face of this fact, most people are still thinking about relying on evolving science and technology to control pollution, rather than fundamentally changing. Your own lifestyle.
Today in the context of globalization, people on the planet influence each other, and no one can be immune to it. This is the root of the problem and the result of the problem.
It takes decades or even hundreds of years to rule
The war between Los Angeles and air pollution began on July 8, 1943, when the first recorded photochemical smog event occurred in Los Angeles. No one thought that this pollution control work lasted for 70 years and it continues to this day. There are many kinds of smoke in the world, and there are different names. There are called photochemical smog, which is called dust mites, and some are simply called toxic air. The formation of these smog is affected by geography, cities and industries, but its harm to human beings is consistent, and there is little difference in the expression of geospatial. The Chinese government departments attach great importance to the smog weather in China. The officials of the Ministry of Science and Technology clearly told the Chinese society that it takes only 30 years for China to successfully manage the haze weather.
The official quoted the special report of the Measures and Revelations of Haze and Air Pollution in Cities such as Los Angeles, London and Paris issued by the China Institute of Science and Technology Information that the experience of smog management in Los Angeles, London and Paris shows that it is developed. The country has experienced similar pollution stages in China during the development process, and they have basically completed relevant governance work. "Foreign experience shows that smog can be cured, but governance takes about 30 years." He believes that under the stricter and more effective environmental management requirements and the support of modern science and technology, China's governance of smog does not need such a long time, but also It is impossible to “get it all at onceâ€. It is necessary to continuously strengthen the control of pollution sources, strengthen monitoring and early warning, strict management and law enforcement, and at the same time continue to carry out technological innovation and adjust the industrial structure.
Although it is also based on research data on smog in Los Angeles, the think tank scholars of ANBOUND have reached different conclusions. Ampang's think tank scholars are now able to tell the society that there are only three simple, legally significant research conclusions:
· Anything that claims to be able to control smog in a legendary manner is ineffective, but all control measures are very effective.
· Air pollution and smog, the only real culprit is two: one is urbanization and the other is lifestyle.
·Industry development is not because of the economic growth of that place, so we must choose an industry; the development of industry should be determined by geography and ecological environment.
Such a simple conclusion, Anbang Consulting, which specializes in strategic forecasting and strategic research, has been spoken for more than a decade. Many research conclusions were made at the end of the last century. However, these simple conclusions, for the governance of smog, as in the era of Los Angeles, the real effect is minimal, smoke and smog are still wandering around, and the scope is growing.
To control smog, we must respect science, and in terms of the science of smog, it must be systematic science. The single measure, no matter how gorgeous the appearance of packaging, will also face the challenge of smog again, which is useless. Only when systematic measures work together can the severely polluted haze weather be truly reduced. This is the only way to study smog and fight against smog, and more depends on the power of the people.
The use of cars is widely criticized and is the main target of government departments against smog. From the United States to China, almost the entire world is targeting the automotive industry. In fact, the world automobile industry developed electric vehicles as early as the 19th century. In New York, electric vehicles were once the most popular means of transportation for taxis. Few people have noticed that the relationship between the use of cars and urbanization is precisely because of the failure of urban space planning, so that the car can be widely used.
The problem lies in people and the lifestyle they choose. As long as we continue our current lifestyle and continue to enjoy and pursue the so-called modern lifestyle, everything cannot be changed. Just like an American politician’s roar of air pollution, if nothing is to be sacrificed, naturally nothing will change! From the experience of Los Angeles, the management of smog depends not only on the efforts of government environmental protection units, but also on the joint investment of research and development institutions, environmental protection organizations, and industrial sectors. In fact, up to the mayor of the governor to the pawn, regardless of practicing doctors or socialites, have contributed to air pollution control.
Of course, the process of air pollution control is closely related to economic growth. Because the improvement of air quality is not only related to pollution source control, but also closely related to energy structure adjustment, industrial structure transformation, and people's lifestyle change. The development stage theory of the so-called "first pollution after treatment" actually represents a bad mentality. If you make a choice between “Hua Haisai†and cancer, most people choose to diet and avoid cancer. What's more, the current world development experience clearly warns that economic growth without regard to the consequences is unacceptable. Any industry can only develop healthily if it follows the laws of industry and ecology, and cannot change these laws with the government's desire to develop the economy.
As for how many years does China have to end the smog weather that will make the city disappear?
We believe this is a long-term battle, because our longer-term industrial adjustment requires more time for urban space adjustment, more time is needed to prepare the law, and more complicated work is needed to persuade the public to choose a rational lifestyle. . Moreover, this time is also related to the standard of smog. If we look at the current weather standards in Los Angeles, we may need to use it for nearly a hundred years; if we use less strict standards, it will take about 50 years.
[Extended reading]
There is a fact that we have to admit that with the development of a country's economy, environmental pollution will inevitably follow the trend, which is the price of development.
In addition to the United States, Britain, Japan, South Korea, etc., have been entangled in smog problems. In fact, any country or region that is interested in developing the industrial economy and the urban economy has been or is suffering from smog punishment. After more than 200 years of the rise of the human industrial revolution, the Chinese are indeed facing the smog problem later.
â— London smog
The smog in London was the earliest and most well known. Britain or London was the earliest place in the rise of the industrial revolution. According to historical records, before 1950, there were at least 10 large-scale haze incidents in London in about 100 years. 1952 was the peak of smog.
Between December 5 and December 10, 1952, heavy fog covered the city of London. The same as ours today. Drivers are not seen by pedestrians not far from the front, and the performing arts venues and art galleries stop performing or exhibiting on the grounds that “the audience cannot see the stageâ€. Everyone has eye pain, nasal pain, and cough. The hospital receives a large number of people who need treatment for respiratory diseases.
Scientists have documented the scenario: “Contaminants are concentrated to a strongly acidic, high-concentration sulfuric acid mist with a value of only pH 2. The normal peak concentration of sulfurous acid gas is 0.1 ppm to 0.7 ppm, and the normal value of suspended particles is normal. From 0.2 mg/m3 to 1.7 mg/m3, the excess is abnormal.†This is probably an earlier data record for air pm2.5.
During the smog in London, the city died more than 4,000 people. Many elderly people and children are chronically ill, and in the following weeks, more than 8,000 people died, bringing the total number of deceased to more than 12,000.
In order to solve the problem of smog, the British government successively introduced a number of fuel use regulations in the 1950s to establish a benchmark for prohibiting factory emissions. In 1954, the British government launched the City of London Various Powers Act 1954, and in 1956 launched the atmosphere. Clean Air Act. Through such policy improvements, by 1975, the annual foggy day in London had fallen to 15 days; in 1980, it fell to 5 days, and London finally emerged from the smog and regained the blue sky.
In order to control air pollution, London has spent 30 years.
â— Japanese haze
After the Second World War, the Japanese re-launched the construction of industrial technology, and the corresponding environmental pollution also followed. Between 1960 and 1972, the four-day city of Mie Prefecture caused atmospheric asthma, which caused almost all citizens, and became one of the four major public nuisances in Japan. People who died directly or indirectly because of asthma are also About 10,000 people.
Like the smog in London, the culprits of Japan's smog are still the sulfur oxides (SOx) emitted by companies. Winter is the season of high smog in Japan, just like the winter in Beijing. Japan has taken the following measures: “low vulcanization of raw materials and fuelsâ€, low-vulcanization of imported crude oil, use of low-sulfur heavy oil in thermal power plants, promotion of heavy oil desulfurization technology, etc.; “smoke desulfurizationâ€, which removes sulfur components from waste gas through technology; Promote energy conservation and transition to a low-pollution industrial structure, reduce dependence on petroleum energy, and use clean energy as much as possible.
It took almost 30 years for Japan to really get rid of the smog nightmare.
â— Korean smog
South Korea’s economy started earlier than Japan. In the early 1980s, the industrial economy began to take off in large areas, and the resulting air pollution, river pollution and forest pollution were very serious. In the early 1990s, Seoul was rated as one of the world's top ten polluted cities because of serious air pollution.
What is valuable is that the Korean government bravely shoulders the responsibility of pollution control. Take Seoul as an example. The government controls the new and expanded facilities for the concentration of facilities in factories and schools. At the same time, it plans to develop the combination of “core city + satellite cityâ€. There are more than 20 satellite towns around, and 30% of the cities are scattered. population. The area between the core city and the satellite city is divided by forests and agricultural land. In the control of private cars, Seoul's approach is to curb the growth and use of private cars with taxes and fees. After that, with the upgrading of the Korean industry, the quality of Seoul Korea’s air quality has improved substantially.
The problem of environmental pollution has always been a negative cost to the development of human society. Every country has encountered life encounters. What is placed before us should not only discuss how to eliminate it, but also explore its formation. From the above historical experience, abandoning irrational and highly polluting industrial development is undoubtedly the path to solve the smog as soon as possible. Therefore, in many countries, smog has become an opportunity for the state to adjust its industrial structure and promote industrial technology transformation.
You can find hair care related products here. We are a professional manufacturer of hair care and natural hair products. We focus on the development, production and sales of international export products.
If you want to learn more about hairdressing products, please click on product details to view the parameters, models, pictures, prices and other information of hairdressing, hair care products, hairdressing products, natural hairdressing products.
Are you as a whole or as an individual, we do our best to provide you with comprehensive care information
Hair Care Products,Strong Hair Conditioner,Repairing Hair Conditioner,Oil Control Hair Mask
Guangzhou Berfly Cosmetic Co., Ltd , https://www.berflycosmetic.com