Xuan paper, also known as rice paper, is a traditional Chinese paper used for calligraphy and painting. It is made from the bark of the sandalwood tree and a small amount of straw pulp. There are two main types: raw Xuan paper and cooked Xuan paper. Raw Xuan paper is ideal for freehand brushwork due to its high absorbency, while cooked Xuan paper is better suited for detailed and precise painting because it resists ink penetration, allowing for multiple layers and rich color applications.
Originating from Xuancheng in Anhui Province, Xuan paper is renowned for its soft yet durable texture, smooth surface, and white color. Its unique properties make it perfect for capturing the subtle nuances of ink and water, giving paintings a clear and moist appearance. Historically, many ancient Chinese paintings were created on silk, but with the rise of the Yuan Dynasty, paper became more popular. Today, Xuan paper remains the preferred choice for traditional Chinese art.
The distinction between raw and cooked Xuan paper lies in their preparation. Cooked Xuan paper is treated with water to reduce its absorbency, making it easier to control ink flow and suitable for intricate details. It's often used for colorful landscapes and gold-leaf paintings. On the other hand, raw Xuan paper has a stronger absorption capacity, allowing for dynamic ink effects such as splashing and layering. This makes it ideal for expressive brushwork and freehand landscapes.
For artists, selecting the right type of Xuan paper is crucial. The degree of "cooked" or "raw" can be tested by tasting the paper with your tongue—raw paper will have a slight astringency, while overcooked paper may become too brittle. When preparing the paper, a thin layer of alum solution is often applied to prevent leaks and improve durability. Old newspapers are sometimes placed underneath to avoid sticking during the process.
Although Xuan paper is highly valued, it can be expensive. In some regions, alternatives like Kelly paper from Northeast China, Jiajiang paper from Sichuan, Liuji paper from Jiangxi, and sandwich paper from Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou serve as cost-effective substitutes. These papers are more affordable and closely resemble half-cooked Xuan paper in texture and performance.
In summary, Xuan paper holds a special place in Chinese artistic tradition, offering both flexibility and beauty. Whether you're an experienced painter or a beginner, understanding the characteristics of different types of Xuan paper can greatly enhance your creative expression.
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